By the late 1830s Los Angeles area ranches were producing animal hides for export to shoe manufacturers in New England. Some New Englanders, in turn, traveled west to settle among the Mexicans and Gabrieliños. Many of these migrants converted to Catholicism and married into prominent ranchero families. This intermarriage and trade relations sparked interest in the annexation of California to the United States.
Sympathies were divided, however, with the outbreak of war between the United States and Mexico in 1846 . The skilled Mexican horsemen of Los Angeles under Andrés Pico fought and briefly humiliated the U.S. forces of General Steven Watts Kearny until their eventual surrender in January 1847.
The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transferred all of Alta California to the United States. It also formally guaranteed rights of citizenship to Mexicans who stayed in the region.
In the 1850 U.S. Census count, the population of Los Angeles was 1,610, and most people were of Mexican or Native American descent.
From the 1850s through the 1870s Los Angeles was a relatively insignificant town, far overshadowed by the growing metropolis of San Francisco to the north.
Original families of the Spanish and Mexican periods, known as Californios, steadily lost most of their vast landholdings to Americans, who successfully challenged the Californios’ vague Spanish and Mexican land titles in the U.S. court system, which demanded far more rigorous standards of surveying.
The local economy continued to revolve around cattle ranching and other pastoral pursuits. By 1870 the population had only reached 5,728.
A significant Chinese community had established itself in the area in the years since the Gold Rush of 1849, and was savagely attacked in 1871 during a period of interracial tension.
By the late 1870s new railroad lines linked southern California with the rest of the United States, and a group of land investors and publicists began to promote Los Angeles as an ideal residential and commercial environment. This effort was aided by railroad rate competition, which drove down the cost of traveling to Los Angeles from the Eastern and Midwestern states.
A major building boom boosted the population from 11,183 in 1880 to 50,395 in 1890, and again to more than 102,479 in 1900. At the same time, new cities developed around the City of Los Angeles: Pasadena, Santa Monica, Monrovia, Compton, Pomona, South Pasadena, Redondo Beach, and Long Beach were all founded between 1886 and 1900.
Sympathies were divided, however, with the outbreak of war between the United States and Mexico in 1846 . The skilled Mexican horsemen of Los Angeles under Andrés Pico fought and briefly humiliated the U.S. forces of General Steven Watts Kearny until their eventual surrender in January 1847.
The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transferred all of Alta California to the United States. It also formally guaranteed rights of citizenship to Mexicans who stayed in the region.
In the 1850 U.S. Census count, the population of Los Angeles was 1,610, and most people were of Mexican or Native American descent.
From the 1850s through the 1870s Los Angeles was a relatively insignificant town, far overshadowed by the growing metropolis of San Francisco to the north.
Original families of the Spanish and Mexican periods, known as Californios, steadily lost most of their vast landholdings to Americans, who successfully challenged the Californios’ vague Spanish and Mexican land titles in the U.S. court system, which demanded far more rigorous standards of surveying.
The local economy continued to revolve around cattle ranching and other pastoral pursuits. By 1870 the population had only reached 5,728.
A significant Chinese community had established itself in the area in the years since the Gold Rush of 1849, and was savagely attacked in 1871 during a period of interracial tension.
By the late 1870s new railroad lines linked southern California with the rest of the United States, and a group of land investors and publicists began to promote Los Angeles as an ideal residential and commercial environment. This effort was aided by railroad rate competition, which drove down the cost of traveling to Los Angeles from the Eastern and Midwestern states.
A major building boom boosted the population from 11,183 in 1880 to 50,395 in 1890, and again to more than 102,479 in 1900. At the same time, new cities developed around the City of Los Angeles: Pasadena, Santa Monica, Monrovia, Compton, Pomona, South Pasadena, Redondo Beach, and Long Beach were all founded between 1886 and 1900.
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